Bendery fortress. First technical expertise (2019)

Technical expertise and development of a working technical design for conservation and restoration work on the Bendery fortress (stage 1)

Setting control marks on the eastern upper wall in a special range

Installation of measuring marks in towers at the lower level

Areas of the citadel and the adjacent territory that require research are marked with red contours

Determining the type of masonry on the southern wall of the citadel

Geodetic cutting of a fragment of the northern side of the crownwork and the mouth bastion

Development of the wall of the Lower Fortress (Outer side)

Development of the wall of the Lower Fortress (Inner side)

Measurement points on the objects of the citadel and adjacent buildings, which are subjected to technical expertise

Construction periodization of the Bendery fortress from prof. Donatella Fiorani

Western front of the citadel wall outside and inside

Geophysical research of the citadel

General electromagnetic research (EM) and 2D electrical tomography (ERT) of the citadel and the lower fortress

Results of electromagnetic studies (EM) in the phase component (metal elements)

Results of electromagnetic studies (EM) resistivity component (100 cm g/l)

Results of electromagnetic studies (EM) resistivity component (180 cm g/l)

Diagnostic analysis. General seismic survey of the 2D citadel and lower fortress

Stratigraphic synthesis of electrical tomography and seismic survey

Shear wave speed.

To confirm the results of diagnostics, drilling of wells is necessary in some important parts of the object

Resistivity Vertical Sections Extracted from 3D Resistivity Data Volume

The tower is angular northeast, octagonal. Drilling from the outside, at the southern flank, at the junction of the tower to the citadel wall. The basement level appears to be located at a depth of about 2.80 m from the ground surface, which is in good agreement with the ERT results. The details presented in photographs of the archaeological specimen next to the foundation wall confirm the ERT evidence and support a geophysical interpretation that reveals lithological changes in the geologic stratigraphy.

Results of electromagnetic studies (EM) resistivity component (100 cm g/l and 800 cm g/l)

Kronverk (redan), fortification on the eastern, outer side of the citadel - northern flank. Anomaly associated with the possible presence of constructed stone structures

3 ERT axonometric view setting. Line 2D

Construction periodization of the Bendery fortress from Professor A. Krasnozhon (Ukraine) indicating the placement of posterns and lapidary (epigraphic) monuments - stone tablets on drawings and inscriptions on the walls

S1-S3. Places of reconnaissance pits (excavations) in order to detect the level and condition of the foundations of buildings

Condition of soil and foundations.

From left to right: SIII-SI-SII. In excavation SIII (tower of the citadel), a coin from the times of the Commonwealth, a solidus from the times of Stefan Batory (Poland) 1582, was found.

Georadar shooting and video endoscopic shooting. Towers A7-A6 outer wall

Scanning holes in the wall at the place where log reinforcement is laid, inserting a television camera there

Part of the outer wall of the citadel along the line of towers A8-A6 (examination of part of the wall)

Scheme of reinforcement of the eastern wall of the citadel

All horizontal and vertical radar scans, GPR acquisition trajectories and synthetic wireframes are displayed at the same scale.

Georadar survey of section No. 5 outer wall

Georadar survey of section No. 6 outer wall (Tower No. 2 according to the classification of the State Unitary Enterprise IVMK “Bendery Fortress”)

Structural problems of the object.

Northern tunnel (Grigorievsky gates);
Two towers on the lower tier and a passage (Strelkovaya, Fort and Horse Gates);
Northeast tower of the citadel (Armenian);
Stone masonry of the citadel (Cracks and destruction);
The presence of later walls (Kronverk);
water tower

1. Northern tunnel B8 (Grigorievsky Gates)

Cracks due to diffuse soil failure, as seen elsewhere, along a newly formed wall in the presence of a sloping surface.
Destruction in case of rupture of the structure of the barrel vault.

2. Two towers and gates - B3, B4, B6 (Fort Tower, Rifle and Horse Gates)

The round walls of the corner tower are not covered by decking (there are none), they are also vulnerable due to the absence of the box-like effect.

3. Northeast tower of the citadel A6 (Armenian)

Typical seismic cracks that also occur in bell towers (with high and thin walls) and develop vertically at the loopholes

4. Stone masonry of the citadel (cracks and destruction)

Left: The wall is collapsing due to displacement processes caused by soil movements. Right: vertical cracks due to possible ground subsidence.

In addition to soil subsidence, masonry cracks can also be related to the weakness of a structural segment, whose
wooden elements (internal reinforcement) are not currently available

The absence of an element of a wooden reinforcement part. Which run parallel to the wall (green on the radar scan).
At this point, the element's original wood frame area, which is now missing - across the wall (black on the radar scan) is visible on the outer wall.